1400 years ago, the Huanka Civilization which flourished in the region that is present day Bolivia made incredible stone monuments. This was a pre-Inca society. For centuries, people have credited Aliens, Europeans or possibly Egyptians for their building feats. How could the Huanka move blocks weighing 1500 tons down from the mountain quarries above 3.9K (12,800ft)? How could they sculpt perfect right angles using stone tools? (en español más adelante)
The stones that look to our modern eyes like h’s are a good example of right angles.

The method of creation was less complicated and more marvelous that archeologists initially believed. For 500 years, the indigenous people of the highlands have said the Huanka used plants to soften rock in order to make the stones. That statement did not make sense to Europeans, so they ignored this key information.
Researchers did not pursue the bedrock truth behind the monuments until the early 1980s. Ethnography of local customs revealed that curanderos (traditional healers) created sculptural figures using a material made with ground stone combined with plants. Bolivian scientists duplicated the mix, but were not successful in hardening it. Unfortunately, this line of investigation was abandoned for nearly 40 years.
French researcher Professor Joseph Davidovits and his team set out to prove the origin of the monument stones with geology. In 2017, he and his team took samples of monument stones outside the protected site area and samples from three quarries higher in the mountains. The researchers used energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. This tool revealed the chemical composition of the stone, it was clear that no local quarry could have produced the rock slabs. They did not match.

The ancient technology to create these elegant structures became clear as the scientists used spectroscopy to examine the rubble. Surprisingly, the Pumapunku stones contained organic matter inside them. That would be impossible if it were volcanic rock, because vegetable matter would burn up in the lava. That meant the rock was artificial, an organic concrete! Davidovits also found evidence of semi-spherical air bubbles on the H-shaped stones from the days long ago when the concrete dried in a form made to precise specifications. One of the human made geopolymers at the landmark was of volcanic andesite with an organic binder, the other was of red sandstone. Then the key unsolved question was the hardening substance.
Professor Davidovits realized according to ancient records, llama caravans transported a lot of guano (animal waste) to the highlands in the time of Pumapunku. Guano was not used as fertilizer at that time, because the fish ponds with plankton on the border of the fields was fertilizer enough. Researchers realized the guano was the concrete hardener, and proved it by finding the same chemicals in the geopolymer. The ancient people would transport sand to the monument site, add organic matter, then guano to harden it. In a wet sand molding technique; they constructed receptacles to hold the organic concrete and make the shapes they desired.
So no, sorry creative explanation websites, aliens do not deserve credit. The Native technology and innovation of the Huanka Civilization made these grand monuments. Why is it easier for many to believe extraterrestrials created this advanced engineering, than Native Peoples? For half a millennia, the descendants of the Spanish were fooled into thinking this was natural rock. We European Americans have a lot to learn. What do you think about this discovery?
¡Olé! –Rebecca
PS This is my summary of Professor Joseph Davidovits, Luis Huaman (Perú), and Ralph Davidovits’ 20-page paper. If you like geology, archeology and chemistry, you might take a look: “Joint Research Program Conducted by the Geopolymer Institute and Universidad Catolica San Pablo, Arequipa, Peru, First Scientific Results on Tiahuanaco / Pumapunku Megalithic Monuments (Tiwanaku), Bolivia.”

¿Fueron extraterrestres quienes construyeron los monumentos bolivianos?
Hace 1400 años, la civilización Huanca que florecía en la región que hoy es Bolivia, construyó monumentos increíbles de piedra. Era una sociedad antes de los Inca. Por siglos, personas han atribuido a extraterrestres, europeos o posiblemente Egipcios para estas hazañas de arquitectura. ¿Cómo es que los Huanca movieron bloques que pesan 1500 toneladas desde las canteras en las montañas arriba de 3,9 K? ¿Cómo podían esculpir ángulos rectos con herramientas de piedra?
Las piedras que parecen la letra h a nuestros ojos modernos, son buenos ejemplos de ángulos rectos.
El método de creación era menos complicado y más maravilloso que los arqueólogos creían inicialmente. Por 500 años, la gente indígena del altiplano decían que los Huanca usaron plantas para ablandar las rocas para hacer las piedras. Para los europeos, este dicho no tenía sentido y no lo hacían caso de ésta información clave.
Los investigadores no empezaron la búsqueda para la verdad hasta los 80. Etnografía de costumbres locales reveló que los curanderos creían figuras usando una materia hecha de rocas enarenadas combinadas con plants. Científicos bolivianos podían duplicar la mezcla, pero no tuvieron éxito en endurecerla. Desafortunadamente, este tipo de investigación fue abandonada por casi 40 años.
El científico, el profesor francés Joseph Davidovits y su equipo quisieron comprobar el origen de las piedras monumentales usando la geología. En 2017, el y su equipo tomaron muestras de las piedras monumentales fuera del área protegida y muestras de las tres canteras en las altas montañas. Los investigadores usaron espectroscopia con rayos X para la dispersión de energía. Esta herramienta reveló la composición química de la piedra, era evidente que no salió de ninguna cantera local. No tenían las mismas componentes.
Mapa de Bolivia; Pumapunku está entre Lago Titicaca y La Paz
La tecnología anciana para crear estas estructuras elegantes se resolvieron cuando usaron espectroscopia para examinarlas. Sorprendentemente, las piedras de Pumapunku contienen sustancias orgánicas. Esto sería imposible si fueran rocas volcánicas, porque todo lo vegetal se quema en la lava. Significa que las piedras son artificiales, ¡un concreto orgánico! Davidovits también encontró evidencia de burbujas esféricas en las piedras que parecen como la letra h, de los días hace mucho tiempo cuando el concreto secaba en los moldes precisos para generar las formas específicas. Un geopolímero hecho por humanos era de andesite volcánico con un aglutinante químico, el otro de arenisca roja.
El profesor Davidovits se dio cuenta que en los archivos de la era de Pumapunku, viajaban caravanas de llamas cargando mucho guano al altiplano. El guano no se usaba como fertilizante en aquella época, porque los pozos con peces y plancton al borde de las plantas cultivadas era suficiente. Los investigadores se dieron cuenta de que lo que enduró el concreto era el guano, y lo probaron cuando encontraron los mismos químicos en el geopolímero. Los Huanca transportaron arena al sitio donde reposaría el monumento, añadieron sustancias orgánicas y el guano para endurecerlo. En una técnica de moldear arena mojada; construyeron recipientes para contener el concreto orgánico y hacer las formas deseadas.
Así vamos a decir no a los varios sitios web que proclaman la ayuda extraterrestre en Pumapunku. La tecnología y las inovaciones de la gente nativa de la civilización Huanca creaban estos gran monumentos. ¿Por qué es más fácil para muchas personas creer que los extraterrestres le echaba la mano en esta ingenería avanzada, en vez de la gente original del país? Para media milenia, los descendientes de los español cayeron en la trampa de creer que esta era piedra natural. Los americanos de ascendencia europea tenemos mucho que aprender. ¿Qué piensas?
¡Olé! –Rebecca
PD Este artículo es mi resumen del artículo de 20 páginas del Profesor Joseph Davidovits, Luis Huaman (Perú), and Ralph Davidovits’. Si te interese la geología, la arquelogía, y química, es posible que te interesara su obra.
Isn’t that truly amazing? Further proof that these now largely eliminated people had deep funds of knowledge and experience from which the conquerors could have learnt so much.
LikeLiked by 2 people
Thanks, Margaret. Although this civilization ended before the Spanish arrived, the idea of learning from the people who were there before the Europeans is a great one. : )
LikeLiked by 2 people
Too late ….
LikeLiked by 1 person
For many of the cultures, that is true. Though some still remain; Maya, Mapuche, and more.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Well, that at least is something.
LikeLiked by 1 person
I’m blown away by this story. The stones were made from plants after all!
LikeLiked by 2 people
Hi Kim, ground up rocks, plants, and guano. Pretty cool!
LikeLiked by 2 people
They were amazing architects and builders weren’t they?!
LikeLiked by 2 people
Thanks for your comment. They really were outstanding!
LikeLiked by 1 person
Rebecca, thanks for sharing this discovery about the Pumapunku blocks. I’ve heard about the Ancient Aliens theory. Amazing technology that has lasted to this day!
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thanks, Rosaliene. I’m amazed that although the research was published in 2017, word hasn’t spread. I guess the last 3 years of silence aren’t too hard to explain… But where is the National Geographic or NOVA special?
LikeLiked by 1 person
What a treasure-trove of new ideas!! I knew nothing about ancient civilizations in Bolivia …. nor about concrete before the 1800’s!
LikeLiked by 2 people
Thanks, Carolyn. It’s new to me too.
LikeLike
I love this! Hurrah for the wisdom of Ancient Cultures! And we think we are so cool and wise today…;-) Plus, I’ve never really believed in aliens much, because, of all the places in the universe to visit, it doesn’t seem likely that visitors would want to hang out here for too long. 😉
LikeLiked by 1 person
Fascinating history! Thank you for sharing.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thanks, Michele! Although the results were published 5 years ago, they are not yet widely known. The elder investigator is in his 80s, hope he’s still in good health. Would love to see a documentary on their work.
LikeLiked by 1 person
You are welcome, Rebecca. Thank you for your wonderful blog. I enjoy learning from you. 😊
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thank you, Michele and likewise.
LikeLiked by 1 person
You also see this incredible feat among the indigenous groups in Peru and Chile (the latter especially on Easter Island). Different styles, but similar methods, and it really is incredible just how precise and meticulous their efforts were! Haven’t been to Bolivia yet, but I’m keen on going for this reason!
LikeLiked by 1 person
I look forward to seeing your photos when you go. Thanks for your mention of the monumental architecture in Peru and Easter Island/Rapa Nui. In Rapa Nui, the people of the island always said the stones walked into position. I saw a documentary where they proved that was true, with 12 or so people on ropes pulling.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thank you so much for sharing this information, Rebecca. Wow! This is astounding!
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thanks, Janet. I read an article about it online and had to share the news. I find it wonderful too. So many technologies we modern humans still need to learn!
LikeLike
How wonderful they look! There’s a guy I follow on Instagram who makes amazing sand castles and would love these structures.!
LikeLiked by 1 person
Glad you like them. I think they’re marvelous. I wonder what plant additives the Huanka used. I seem to remember corn was one – corn starch perhaps?
LikeLiked by 1 person
Yes, I also wonder, how did they even made all of this?
Back then, they had no technologies!!
I wonder how humans managed to transport it?
How they lift it?
Incredible share 🙂
LikeLiked by 1 person
Hello Devang, thanks for your comments! Actually, they did have technology! That’s the incredible part, is that they figured out a concrete that we’re only beginning to match. They didn’t have to transport it because they made the blocks on site.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Blocks on site requires a lot of hardwork then.
Incredible.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Yes, I found that amazing too. They used forms and tools to shape the blocks.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Ohhh, like moulds??
But still there must be stuff that needed to be transported which were essential for buildings?
Or the necessary rocks?
LikeLiked by 1 person
wow that is amazing rebecca! ❤
LikeLiked by 2 people
Thanks, Carol Anne. Amazing the forgotten technology!
LikeLiked by 2 people